Nefertari la amada esposa del faran Ramss II - Mystery Science After her death she was buried in tomb QV66 in the Valley of the Queens. The smaller temple was dedicated by Ramses to his queen, Nefertari, and to the goddess Hathor. No trace of the original entrance remains preserved and besides the stunning wall paintings, only bits of a damaged pink granite sarcophagus, broken furniture, jars, a pair of sandals, and two fragmented mummified legs (parts of tibiae and femora) were found inside. Nefertari was the mother of at least four sons and two daughters. La batalla de Qadesh fue una contienda blica que enfrent al ejrcito de Ramss II con el ejrcito del rey hitita Muwatalli II (c. 1295-1272 a.C.) en el ao 1274 a.C., generando un . He was the third ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty. Posts about Tomb of Nefertari(Her tomb and Poems from Ramses ) written by Muna Moon. [38] Its 18articles call for peace between Egypt and Hatti and then proceeds to maintain that their respective deities also demand peace. [11][12], For the early part of his reign, he focused on building cities, temples, and monuments. This ancient Egyptian funerary text consists of a number of magic spells that assist a dead persons journey through the underworld and into the afterlife. In the tomb of Nebwenenef, Nefertari is depicted behind her husband as he elevates Nebwenenef to the position of High Priests of Amun during a visit to Abydos. Images also show Nefertari with her husband honoring the gods or commemorating events.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'ancient_egypt_online_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_8',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ancient_egypt_online_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); Scholars have found more evidence of Queen Nefertaris importance in the capital city of the Hittites. Ramses II | Ramses The Great Facts (1279-1213 BC) - ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE In Western Thebes, Nefertari is mentioned on a statuary group from Deir el-Bahari, a stela and blocks from Deir el-Medina. . On the facade itself are carved colossal figures of Nefertari. reigned for 67 years as the third pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty of Egypt. . Nefertari was the first queen of Pharaoh Ramses II. Ramesses II of Egypt was said to have been madly in love with his wife Nefertari and to have regarded her as his favorite queen. Her lavishly decorated tomb, QV66, is one of the largest and most spectacular in the Valley of the Queens. ample behind, tight waist, She is depicted shaking two sistra before Taweret, Thoth, and Nut.[17]. Scenes of war and the alleged rout of the Hittites at Kadesh are repeated on the walls. Some scholars regard her tomb as one of the greatest of the many works completed during his reign. She played a key part in influencing the development of Egyptian history as the wife of Pharaoh Ramesses II, one of the most powerful and important kings in ancient Egypt. Ratu Nefertari - Cinta Ramses II Di Abu Simbel - The Patriots . If anyone would know how great I am and where I lie, let him surpass one of my works. He signed the first known peace treaty in the world. Credit: Wikipedia, CC BY 3.0 One force was led by his son, Amun-her-khepeshef, and it chased warriors of the hasu tribes across the Negev as far as the Dead Sea, capturing Edom-Seir. The other remarkable tombs are those of queen Titi, Khaemwaset, and Amunherkhepshef. These were held to honour and rejuvenate the pharaoh's strength. Nefertari's speech during this ceremony is recorded: Your beloved son, the Lord of Both Lands, Usermaatre Setepenre, has come to see you in your beautiful manifestation. Alongside the bust, limestone blocks appeared showing Ramesses II during the Heb-Sed religious ritual. Time spent inside the tomb is also limited to 10 minutes per person and the steep ticket price is made to discourage a rush of tourists. [15], Early in his life, Ramesses II embarked on numerous campaigns to restore possession of previously held territories lost to the Nubians and Hittites and to secure Egypt's borders. [13], In the interior of the temple, Nefertari appears in a variety of scenes. The reunited army then marched on Hesbon, Damascus, on to Kumidi, and finally, recaptured Upi (the land around Damascus), reestablishing Egypt's former sphere of influence. The god holds Nefertari by the hand to introduce her to Re-Horakhty and the Western Goddess (Hathor). She has stolen my heart with her embrace, [Biografi Tokoh Dunia] Ramses II, Firaun Mesir yang Memimpin 66 Tahun Every inch of the tomb is vividly painted and this includes the three chambers and the connecting corridor. Let's Explore The Great Temple Of Ramses II, Abu Simbel - TheTravel . Commission. "My Love is unique, no one can rival her. The side partition hair shows that the deceased was of a young age; a young/child prince, egypt tourismegypt travel blogluxor tourismluxor travel blogtomb of nefertaritravel bloggers Indiavalley of the queens. At the young age of 13 she married the 15 year old Ramses II, who would come to be famously known as Ramses the Great. Queen Nefertari, the favourite Royal Consort of Pharaoh Ramses II (Ancient Egypt, New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty c. 1250 BC) is famous for her beautifully decorated tomb in the Valley of the Queens. The pharaoh wanted a victory at Kadesh both to expand Egypt's frontiers into Syria, and to emulate his father Seti I's triumphal entry into the city just a decade or so earlier. Category: Tomb of Nefertari(Her tomb and Poems from Ramses ) He is famous for his exploits during the Battle of Kadesh, for building numerous monuments including Abu Simbel and for making Egypt prosperous and . Required fields are marked *. Nefertari Ramses Ii - Etsy In her tomb, the wall paintings show the queen honoring the gods and goddesses who would help her on her journey in the afterlife. Eventually, in the twenty-first year of his reign (1258BC), Ramesses decided to conclude an agreement with the new Hittite king, attuili III, at Kadesh to end the conflict. [66] Seventy-two hours later it was again moved, to the tomb of the high priest Pinedjem II. Nefertari bermaksud 'teman hidup For this Valentine Day, enjoy this Love poem from Ancient Egypt, found in Deir el-Medina, dated about 1300 BC. The inscription is almost totally illegible due to weathering. Save. He had over 200 wives and 93 sons and 60 daughters. 74 (Chicago): This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 18:01. The beautiful depictions of Nefertari are over three thousand years old, yet she still manages to captivate with her beauty; the shape of her eyes, the blush of her cheeks, her eyebrow, and her diaphanous white gown. Nefertari was the wife and queen of Ramses II. Ramesses II usuallynever missed an opportunity to glorify himself. In his accounts, Ramesses claims that the victory gave Egypt domination over the Levant. Ramesses III's choice of stone saved his great temple, Intact Middle Kingdom tomb discovered in Aswan. Vast storerooms built of mud bricks stretched out around the temple. Nefertari and Ramses II . She uses the titles associated with a noblewoman but no titles calling herself a kings daughters. [33] This second success at the location was equally as meaningless as his first, as neither power could decisively defeat the other in battle. She is perhaps best known for her role in promoting the worship of a single god, the Aten, and for her beauty, which has been immortalized in the famous bust of her that was discovered in 1913. See the exhibition first, then take the 10-minute "tour" through Abu Simbel . For she is the most beautiful woman alive. [14][17], Nefertari appears twice as one of the royal women represented beside the colossal statues of RamessesII that stand before the temple. [45], In the third year of his reign, Ramesses started the most ambitious building project after the pyramids, which were built almost 1,500years earlier. Every inch of the tomb is vividly painted and this includes the three chambers and the connecting corridor. All of this is recorded in hieroglyphics on the linen covering the body of the coffin of Ramesses II. Fascinating! was one of the most famous and powerful pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. This eating Taposh is the sweetest Bengali take on eating tapas. Your "guide" on this journey is an animated Nefertari, beloved queen of Ramses II, the king who reigned between 1279 and 1213 BCE and is known as the Pharaoh of Pharaohs for his military . Who is King Ramses II - Ramses II Facts - Ramses II Achievements Thus, from 1988 to 1992, the tomb of Nefertari remained closed for intensive restoration work. With a long neck and shining body During his reign, the Egyptian army is estimated to have totaled some 100,000 men: a formidable force that he used to strengthen Egyptian influence.[16]. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. [30] The thin strip of territory pinched between Amurru and Kadesh did not make for a stable possession. Nefertari Meritmut was an Egyptian queen of the 19th dynasty, the Great Royal Wife of Ramses II the Great, one of the most powerful pharaohs. En realidad son dos templos, el mayor dedicado a Ra, Path y Amn, las tres . In the 10th century AD, the Bible exegete Rabbi Saadia Gaon believed that the biblical site of Ramesses had to be identified with Ain Shams. was an Egyptian queen and the first of the Great Royal Wives . The east wall of the antechamber is interrupted by a large opening flanked by representation of Osiris at the left and Anubis at the right; this in turn leads to the side chamber, decorated with offering-scenes, preceded by a vestibule in which the paintings portray Nefertari presented to the deities, who welcome her. Nefertari esposa de Ramss II. For the transcription and translation of xnty imntt. Prince Meryre is a fourth son mentioned on the faade of the small temple at Abu Simbel and is thought to be another son of Nefertari. RAMSES THE GREAT (ruled 1279 to 1213 B.C.) | Facts and Details No further Egyptian campaigns in Canaan are mentioned after the conclusion of the peace treaty. I say 'mostly', because special permission is occasionally granted for short visits by tour groups who are happy to pay the high price for the rare ticket. if (thefield.defaultValue==thefield.value) Approximately 150 corridors and tomb chambers have been located in this tomb as of 2006 and the tomb may contain as many as 200corridors and chambers. Pero un gran proyecto de conservacin internacional . In 2020, it was opened again with a maximum of 150 visitors per day. The analysis in general found strong similarities between the New Kingdom rulers of the 19thDynasty and 20thDynasty with Mesolithic Nubian samples. She even elevated her to the category of goddess. Queen Nefertari was renowned for her elegance, wit, and political astuteness. Ramses II - African Heritage She was born inEgyptalthough the exact place and date are unknown. e='' Nefertari may well have been in failing health at this point. According to religious doctrines of the time, it was in this chamber, which the ancient Egyptians called the Golden Hall, that the regeneration of the deceased took place. [51] The colossal feet of the statue of Ramesses are almost all that remains above ground today. Nefertari was also a patron of the arts and was known for her support of the temple of Amun at Karnak. The dedication text on one of the buttresses states: The two colossal standing statues of Nefertari in front of the small temple are equal in size to those of RamessesII. Nefertari is still regarded as a cherished and legendary figure in Egyptian history despite having lived more than 3,000 years ago. She was renowned for her beauty, cleverness, and political savviness. Nefertari - Wikipedia Did Ramesses II love his wife, Nefertari? A wall in one of Ramesses's temples says he had to fight one battle with those tribes without help from his soldiers. A pair of mummified legs were found in her tomb in 1904, however, researchers were never sure if they belonged to her as they could have come from a second occupant in the tomb. The first is that the tombs preservation gives scholars a glimpse of the beauty and color that was a part of most royal tombs. [61][62] "The royal compartment consists of four steps leading to a cubic platform, which is believed to be the base of the king's seat during celebrations or public gatherings," such as Ramesses' inauguration and Sed festivals. The wealth of Ramses II's reign is evident in his opulent building campaign, the largest undertaken by any pharaoh. Oriented northwest and southeast, the temple was preceded by two courts. I always thought it was Nefartiti. Later generations referred to him as the "Great Ancestor.". Desempe un importante papel como esposa real, estando dotada de una brillante mente poltica. Ramesses's children appear in the procession on the few walls left. Follow, Travel | Food | Culture | Expat Lifestyle | One of the most outstanding facts is that his wise counsel allowed him to end the war with the Hittite empire. Along with Thutmose III of the Eighteenth Dynasty, he is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom, which itself was the most powerful period of ancient Egypt.[8]. [82], After being irradiated in an attempt to eliminate fungi and insects, the mummy was returned from Paris to Egypt in May 1977. We still await the full results of ongoing excavations at Pi-Ramesse, the capital of Ramesses II. [53] Traces of a school for scribes were found among the ruins. Ancient Egypt Picture Gallery - ThoughtCo To the right of the doorway Nefertari, Baketmut and the king's son Ramesses are shown with the Pharaoh. In film, Ramesses is played by Yul Brynner in Cecil B. DeMille's classic The Ten Commandments (1956). Joel Edgerton played Ramesses in the 2014 film Exodus: Gods and Kings. Queen Nefertaris tomb represents a key cultural image for two reasons. [25], Ramesses's forces were caught in a Hittite ambush and outnumbered at Kadesh when they counterattacked and routed the Hittites, whose survivors abandoned their chariots and swam the Orontes river to reach the safe city walls. May your country be well. Nefertari can be seen wearing Greek silver earrings with a labrys design in one of the portraits. "Ramses II & Nefertari" - EMSE per Amori Eterni Nefertari against the Egyptian god, Thoth. She died in the twenty-fourth year of his reign. Nefertari, also known as Nefertari Meritmut, was an Egyptian queen and the first of the Great Royal Wives (or principal wives) of Ramesses the Great. Nefertari is hailed as one of the most beautiful, prominent, and beloved queens of ancient Egypt. 3000-Year-old Ancient Egyptian Love Poem - African Heritage By the time of his death, aged about 90 years, Ramesses was suffering from severe dental problems and was plagued by arthritis and hardening of the arteries. [citation needed], The pharaoh's mummy reveals an aquiline nose and strong jaw. Ramses II built a beautiful tomb for his wife in the Valley of the Queens near Thebes. So was Ramesses II's marriage to Nefertari simply a political arrangement, or did the great king actually love his wife? In any event, upon Nefertari's death, Ramesses' secondary wife Isetnefret (or Isetnofret) was promoted to the status of main consort and their son Merneptah (or Merenptah) was the throne's successor (who was already 70 years old . Nefertari And Moses In The Bible - CHURCHGISTS.COM I chose the picture of Pharaoh Ramses II and Queen Nefertari as it is well-known that Ramses II deeply loved her and had a temple built in her honor at Abu Simbel. The king spared no expense. The other force, led by Ramesses, attacked Jerusalem and Jericho. The first of these was Queen Nefertari. The Ramesseum, the funerary temple of Ramses II on the west bank of the Nile near Thebes, was once the site of a colossal pair of statues of Ramses. Two princesses identified by scholars as Nefertaris daughters were Meritamen and Henwttawy. The king and the queen are said to worship in the new temple and are shown overseeing the Erection of the Mast before Amen-Re attended by standard bearers. Sed festivals traditionally were held again every three years after the 30th year; Ramesses II, who sometimes held them after two years, eventually celebrated an unprecedented thirteen or fourteen. [86] It is believed that at least four of Ramesses's sons, including Meryatum, Sety, Amun-her-khepeshef (Ramesses's first-born son) and "the King's Principal Son of His Body, the Generalissimo Ramesses, justified" (i.e., deceased) were buried there from inscriptions, ostraca or canopic jars discovered in the tomb. Inside the temple is a large Hypostyle hall. Notice particularly, how he describes her skin. Click on the link to read more about this legendary Greek island. It is part of the Chester Beatty Papyri I. I chose the picture of Pharaoh Ramses II and Queen Nefertari as it is well-known that Ramses II deeply loved her and had a temple built in her honor at Abu Simbel . His father was the Pharaoh Sethi I and his mother Queen Tuya. Though the Battle of Kadesh often dominates the scholarly view of Ramesses II's military prowess and power, he nevertheless enjoyed more than a few outright victories over Egypt's enemies. [37] The treaty was given to the Egyptians in the form of a silver plaque, and this "pocket-book" version was taken back to Egypt and carved into the temple at Karnak. Ramesses also undertook many new construction projects. It is believed that the marriage between Ramses II and Nefertari was a political alliance which blossomed into deep love. Fue enterrada en la necrpolis tebana, en una tumba bellamente decorada. Nefertaridied around the 26th year of the reign ofRamsesII, who had a magnificent tomb built in the so-called Valley of the Queens. Thus, Ramesses did everything to spread the word to everyone from humble peasants gazing at temple walls to nobles enjoying court poetry. Statue fragment from a standing figure whose back pillar has cartouche of Ramesses II, and the figure of queen Nefertari . attuili III responded by demanding that Ramesses II extradite his nephew back to Hatti. The treaty establishes friendly relations between the two states, who acknowledge each other as equals, and stipulates that the Kadesh area will remain in Hittite hands. Within the succession line, Nefertari's sons were always preferred to Queen Isisnofret's although, in the end, the crown went to Merenptah, a son of Queen Isisnofret. Thebes. In December 2019, a red granite royal bust of Ramesses II was unearthed by an Egyptian archaeological mission in the village of Mit Rahina in Giza. Ramses II, also known as Ramses the Great, (1303 B.C.E-1213 B.C.E.) Ramesses II moved the capital of his kingdom from Thebes in the Nile valley to a new site in the eastern Delta. Pero aun as el faraon Ramss II valientemente decidi unirse en matrimonio con la bella princesa, familia del hereje Akhenaton. Queen Nefertari, as attested by reliefs, attended the opening ceremony of the rock-cut temples of Abu Simbel in the year 24 of Ramses II's reign (ca. Earlier wives, among others, of this king were Isetnofret and Maathorneferure, Princess of Hatti. Dr. Y. and www.afrolegends.com, [2009-2023]. The harbour town of Sumur, north of Byblos, is mentioned as the northernmost town belonging to Egypt, suggesting it contained an Egyptian garrison.[39]. Shemai was the younger brother of Sarenput II, the powerful governor of Elephantine. Ramses II, or Ramesses II, ruled Egypt during 13th century B.C. } Contribution scientifique l'gyptologie", "Was the great Pharaoh Ramesses II a true redhead? Nefertari is shown holding a sistrum. His subjects called him 'Userma'atre'setepenre' or the 'Keeper of Harmony and Balance, Strong in Right, Elect of Ra'. Pharaoh Ramses II (With Facts) - Give Me History [2][3] Some sources consider a more accurate translation for Nefertari as "the most beautiful one",[4][5][6] "the most beautiful of them",[7] "the most beautiful one of them all"[8] "the most beautiful (one) among them",[9] "the very best",[7] or "the most beautiful of the women". To enter any tomb is to step into the realm of Osiris. For the heavily modified Soviet T-55 main battle tank of the Egyptian military, see, As the pharaoh in the Bible's Book of Exodus, harvp error: no target: CITEREFDrews1995 (, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFO'ConnorCline2003 (, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFGrimal1994 (, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKitchen1979 (, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKitchen1982 (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Mortuary temple of Ramesses II at Abydos", "Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books I-V, book 1, chapter 47, section 4", "22 Ancient Pharaohs Have Been Carried Across Cairo in an Epic 'Golden Parade', The Battle of Kadesh in the context of Hittite history, "Renewal of the kings' Reign: The Sed Heb of Ancient Egypt", "The Ramesseum (Egypt), Recent Archaeological Research", "Egypt: Prehistoric 'Pharaoh's Seat' Discovered in Egypt - Document - Gale General OneFile", "Egyptian archeologists unearth pharaoh's celebration compartment in Cairo", "Red Granite Bust of Ramesses II Unearthed in Giza", "La momie de Ramss II. She was known for her beauty, intelligence, and political savvy, and played a significant role in her husbands reign. She was buried in the Theban necropolis, in a beautifully decorated tomb. She is considered one of the most beloved and iconic queens in ancient Egyptian history and is admired for her strength, grace, and contributions to her country. Ramses II Biography: Who Was Ramses The Great? - Study.com The Paduan explorer Giovanni Battista Belzoni reached the interior on 4 August 1817. Did Ramesses II love his wife, Nefertari? NILE Magazine #Greece http://www.maverickbird.com/outside-india/chania-pop-of-colours/, .Here is Sushma Swaraj sitting coyly -in a #hijab- in front of the Iranian Supreme Leader. The Epigraphic Survey, Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak III: The Bubastite Portal, Oriental Institute Publications, vol. The only Ka statue that was previously found is made of wood and it belongs to one of the kings of the 13th dynasty of ancient Egypt which is displayed at the Egyptian Museum in Tahrir Square," said archaeologist Mostafa Waziri. For the spelling of Nefertari's name. Nefertaris tomb is known for the beautiful and well preserved wall paintings. He performed great diplomatic duties and occupied relevant roles in ceremonies that were reserved for priests. Nefertari is known to have sent gifts to Puduhepa: The great Queen Naptera of the land of Egypt speaks thus: Speak to my sister Puduhepa, the Great Queen of the Hatti land. Nefertari - Ramesses II's Beloved Queen - HubPages The ankh is the symbol of breath, life, and spirit and it does not seem to mark the last breath leaving the body, rather the gift of immortality. Many gods are painted on the walls of the tomb of Nefertari and the most famous one is Osiris. Manage Settings Nefertari. Condition: --. In his words, it was the hostility of a god, and he caused me problems. She was married to Pharaoh Ramesses II. Where displayed, it is not exactly attention-grabbing: a dense block of text with few visual stimuli. Some of them depict the crown of Queen Nefertari. It greatly influencedPharaohs reign. His victory proved to be ephemeral. Nefertari was always the Chief Queen, until her death in Year 24 of Ramses reign. [53] Scattered remains of the two statues of the seated king also may be seen, one in pink granite and the other in black granite, which once flanked the entrance to the temple. Join me as I experience the world and create beautiful photo stories, travel tips, and collect recipes from all over the world. Early in his reign, Ramses II was at war with the Hittites but a peace treaty was established during his reign. [17], The greatest honor was bestowed on Nefertari however in Abu Simbel. Owner of Mummified Legs Likely to Be Nefertari, Favorite Queen of Ramses II They were returned to Egypt the following year. New research published in the Journal . Your email address will not be published. [56], The great temple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel was discovered in 1813 by the Swiss Orientalist and traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. A set of miniature sculptures at the king's feet are believed to depict his spouse, mother, and eight of . The small temple at Abu Simbel was dedicated to Nefertari and Hathor of Ibshek. The treaty was concluded between RamessesII and attuili III in year21 of Ramesses's reign (c.1258BC). The letter of Ramesses quoted above, accepted by Hattusili, says that the pharaoh heard from two Bedouin early in the campaign that the Hittite army was hundreds of miles away. She is admired for her fortitude, grace, and accomplishments to her nation. It is oriented so that the rays of the rising sun illuminate the statues of the three gods and of Ramses II in the innermost sanctuary. [13][14][18], Nefertari is shown at the inaugural festivities at Abu Simbel in year 24. [12], Although Nefertari's family background is unknown, the discovery in her tomb of a knob inscribed with the cartouche of Pharaoh Ay has led people to speculate she was related to him. Nefertari was Known as "Lady of Grace," "Lady of All Lands," "Wife of the Strong Bull," "Great of Praises" and many other nicknames, Queen Neferati was one of the most famous Egyptian queens and an iconic women of Ancient Egypt. One of the most significant religious sites in ancient Egypt, the temple of Amun at Karnak, was supported by Nefertari, who was also a patron of the arts. Original pencil doodle: Image details. This decorative pictogram of the walls in the burial-chamber drew inspiration from chapters 144 and 146 of the Book of the Dead: in the left half of the chamber, there are passages from chapter 144 concerning the gates and doors of the kingdom of Osiris, their guardians, and the magic formulas that had to be uttered by the deceased in order to go past the doors. Most of the wall paintings were well preserved and Egyptologists have worked to restore and protect them. Her tomb is decorated with brilliantly-coloured images and text that guide and protect Nefertari through her journey to the Underworld. Amun-her-khepeshef He took towns in Retjenu,[31] and Tunip in Naharin,[32] later recorded on the walls of the Ramesseum. Out of the 2,500 chariots attacking him, not one survived. He avoided catastrophe because the main Egyptian army relieved him, and losses were heavy on both sides. She is admired for her fortitude, grace, and accomplishments to her nation. Why Was Ramesses II "Great" and How Did He Influence the History of the https://t.co/KazTKlCbza, Beauty lies in small details and textures. By the time of Ramesses, Nubia had been a colony for 200 years, but its conquest was recalled in decoration from the temples Ramesses II built at Beit el-Wali[41] (which was the subject of epigraphic work by the Oriental Institute during the Nubian salvage campaign of the 1960s),[42] Gerf Hussein and Kalabsha in northern Nubia. Now they're in digital color! Ramesses II - McGill University I'm a former Military of the French Navy, today an expert in search engine optimization and investor, passionate about the mythologies of the world, travel and the discovery of new cultures.