Eratosthenes, in full Eratosthenes of Cyrene, (born c. 276 bce, Cyrene, Libyadied c. 194 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet, who made the first measurement of the size of Earth for which any details are known. He could then use simple proportions to find the Earths circumference 7.2 degrees is 1/50 of 360 degrees, so 800 times 50 equals 40,000 kilometers. He created one of the earliest maps of the known world between 276-195 BC, but his greatest contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. He created a longitude and latitude system, as well as a map of the world. geography term coined by Eratosthenes - Geographer Corner Hermes It was one of his works, in which he addressed the life of the god, and another was named Erigone. Eratosthenes | Biography, Discoveries, Sieve, & Facts He made a catalog of 675 stars. Strabo argues it was Alexander's interpretation of their "real intent" in recognizing that "in some people there prevail the law-abiding and the political instinct, and the qualities associated with education and powers of speech". Eratosthenes (276-195 BCE) was an ancient Greek Alexandrian scholar, native of Cyrene, who attained distinction in many fields including philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and history. In number theory, he introduced the sieve of Eratosthenes, an efficient method of identifying prime numbers. Hipparchus divided the Earth's surface into 360 degrees. The first book of "Geography" contained a summary of existing geographical work and Eratosthenes' speculations about the nature of the planet Earth. Geographika had 3 volumes. Oceanography ch2 questionWho is responsible for the first measurement of the circumference of the earth? He was the first prose writer. The role of p ychologi t in relation to mental health and well-being i extremely important today, and it i not urpri ing that many people have the need to go to p ychotherapy e ion or require p ycholo Few mu ician have o marked the future of modern mu ic a Michael Jack on, con idered the King of Pop. He developed systems of latitudes and longitudes and ascertained accurate length of equator using Gnomon. Each fragment is accompanied by an English translation, a summary, and commentary. Eratosthenes (l. c. 276-195 BCE) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, mathematician, and poet best known for being the first to calculate the circumference of the earth and its axial tilt. It was now possible to estimate one's distance from remote locations with this network over the surface of the Earth. Eratosthenes died in Alexandria, approximately in 194 BC, when he was 82 years old. He greatly overestimated the West to East distance from the Westernmost part of Europe to the Eastern extremity of the ekumene (the habitable calculated the Earths circumference and invented the first lattitude/longitude system a system of imaginary lines on the Earth, used for navigation and mapping. Rist, J.M. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2010. Arab Contributions To Geography And Navigation posted on: Nov 4, 2015 The world's earliest geographical and navigational charts were developed by Canaanites who, probably simultaneously with the Egyptians, discovered the Atlantic Ocean. OCEANOGRAPHY-Study of the Oceans Contributions of the ancients 1. Geographys History. in, Chondros, Thomas G. Archimedes Life Works and Machines. Your email address will not be published. They had a keen sense of ocean currents and variations in bird and sea life in different places in the Pacific. Calculated the Earth's circumference: 40,000 km (24,840 mi) More precise, modern measurement: 40,032 km (24,860 mi) Eratosthenes' most famous contribution to science was his calculation of the circumference of the Earth, which he completed while working on the second volume of his "Geography.". This meant that if he continued the light waves at Alexandria and the light waves at Syene, they would meet at a 7.2 degree angle at the center of the earth. Known For: Eratosthenes was a Greek polymath who became known as the father of geography. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. . He is best known for being the first person known to calculate the circumference of the Earth, which he did by using the extensive survey results he could access in his role at the Library; his calculation was remarkably accurate. Eratosthenes noted that at Alexandria, at the same date and time, sunlight fell at an angle of about 7.2 from the vertical. For his studies on the earth, Eratosthenes is known as the "father of geography." The exact length of the units (stadia) he used is doubtful, and the accuracy of his result is therefore uncertain. . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He created an algorithm to find prime numbers that is known as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. The children were trained from the age of seven in subjects such as literature, sports and music. The name Earth is an English/German name which simply means the ground. Eratosthenes, in full Eratosthenes of Cyrene, (born c. 276 bce, Cyrene, Libyadied c. 194 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet, who made the first measurement of the size of Earth for which any details are known. Eratosthenes who made observations at Syene (Aswan) and Alexandria calculated the circumference of the earth as 250,000 stadia (25,000 miles). Fragments Collected and Translated, with Commentary and Additional Material. : 3373 , 02-3298322 A . Zihuatanejo Beach Shawshank, Read about the life of Eratosthenes. He found the circumference of the Earth to be nearly 250,000 stadia (25,000 miles). Kerry Liverpool Supporters Club, Atlantic Ocean- long, narrow, parrallel sides 68% of freshwater runs into it. He calculated the Earths circumference. Eratosthenes Of Cyrene 13. ing of the Eratosthenes Seamount could clearly provide invaluable information regarding the oceanography and the tectonics of the east-ern Mediterranean in pre-Messinian time (McCoy and Mart, 1988; Robertson, 1992) Woodside (1977) also noted the occurrence of a 200-km-wide magnetic anomaly underneath the seamount. Using the precise data that Tycho had collected, Kepler discovered that the orbit of Mars was an ellipse. Greeks-create Maps of Med. He studied in Athens at the Lyceum. Boldly, they also sailed across the open ocean to settle Iceland and Greenland, even landing in North Americabecoming the first Europeans to do so. Eratosthenes had a significant impact on science and mathematics. Contribution of Greeks in the Field of Geography - Your Article Library History Of Oceanography TIMELINE | Preceden The multiples of a given prime are generated starting from that prime, as a sequence of numbers with the same difference, equal to that prime, between consecutive numbers. Hipparchus (c. 190120 bce) was the first to construct a table of values for a trigonometric function. In this book Eratosthenes denounced. Eratosthenes was also interested in history and created a chronology of the world from the siege of Troy to his time, taking as references the dates that appeared in literature and in political writings. The Greeks made tremendous advancements in the fields of geomorphology, climatology and oceanography. Systmone Remote Access, Who is father of geography in India? (40,000 miles). He was the chief librarian of the Great Library of Alexandria. It is used naval and aviation industries. Eratosthenes made major contributions to geography. Thales, the philosopher, is credited with laying the groundwork for geography research. He invented Syene (near today's Aswan) is located some 800 km up the Nile river from Alexandria very close to the tropic of Cancer (2327'N), so at the time of the summer solstice the Sun's rays fall vertically down on Syrene at noon. He calculated the Earth's circumference. The first person to determine the size of Earth was Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who produced a surprisingly good measurement using a simple scheme that combined geometrical calculations with physical observations. Plato as "Architect of Science". Was nicknamed Beta by other Greeks of his time, in reference to the second letter of the alphabet. "Eratosthenes." Given an estimate of the distance between the two cities, he was able to calculate the circumference of Earth, obtaining 250,000 stadia. [2], Eratosthenes believed there was both good and bad in every nation and criticized Aristotle for arguing that humanity was divided into Greeks and barbarians, as well as for arguing that the Greeks should keep themselves racially pure. Finally he wrote: Happy father, Ptolemy, because with your son you enjoy the age! What were the contributions of Eratosthenes, Hipparcus, and Ptolemy to oceanography? Contributions of Greeks in the field of Physical Geography: The Greeks made remarkable development in the field of physical geography. Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE192 or 194 BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician, poet, and astronomer who is known as the father of geography. What did Eratosthenes study? He could then use simple proportions to find the Earths circumference 7.2 degrees is 1/50 of 360 degrees, so 800 times 50 equals 40,000 kilometers. Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer & poet. Thu, the different type of pecialized text will vary according to the ubject and p All Rights Reserved warbletoncouncil.org - 2023. With the parallels and meridians, Eratosthenes located the known countries and cities. This is where, according to Pliny, "The world was grasped." and more. (Of the measurements of the Earth). Islandwide Breakfast Delivery, The first place must go to Eratosthenes, the man who coined the term geography between 275 and 194 BC. He compiled a star catalog and the earliest surviving table of a trigonometric function and established mathematically that an object and its mirror image must make equal angles to a mirror. Eratosthenes is famous for making the first good measurement of the size of the Earth. He also calculated the Earth's circumference and was off by less than 150 miles in his. A) discovery of a trade route from Europe around the African continent to India B) the introduction of latitude and longitude lines on maps of the world C) a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet He developed systems of latitudes and longitudes and ascertained accurate length of equator using Gnomon. It was said that these were copied so accurately that it was impossible to tell if the library had returned the original or the copy. Trigonometry can be used to roof a house, to make the roof inclined ( in the case of single individual bungalows) and the height of the roof in buildings etc. What happened to most of the information accumulated there? [6] Eratosthenes was a man of many perspectives and investigated the art of poetry under Callimachus. Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician with a strong interest in geography. This method consisted of creating a table with natural numbers between 2 and the desired quantity. The first spot has to go to the man who coined the term geography, Eratosthenes (c.275-194 BC). (Writing before the Greeks adopted the degree, a Babylonian unit of measure, he actually said a fiftieth of a circle.) He correctly assumed the Suns distance to be very great; its rays therefore are practically parallel when they reach Earth. Eratosthenes's main interest in youth was philosophy and that vocation led him to Athens at the age of 15. Some time ago he had gone blind from cataracts and is believed to have committed suicide by starvation. III. Eratosthenes also calculated the distance from the Earth to the Moon and to the Sun, but with less accuracy. Arab and Muslim contribution to geography was not only confined to astronomical and mathematical geography, but rather covered a wide range of the branches of the discipline known at the present time. Eratosthenes analyzed the observations with the assumption that the earth is a sphere and the sun is very far away. The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes becomes the first person to determine the circumference of the Earth. The second book contains his calculation of the circumference of the Earth. Geography is the study of where things are found, why they exist, and how they develop and change over time. "La climatologie d'ratosthne Posidonios: gense d'une science humaine". During the Middle Ages, most scholars accepted Eratosthenes' circumference, though Christopher Columbus used Posidonius' measurement to convince his supporters that he could quickly reach Asia by sailing west from Europe. It comes from the Old English words eor(th)e and ertha. ISBN: 978-0-691-14267-8. Contribution of Greek Scholar in Geography Full Notes for UGC NET He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. The first person to determine the size of Earth was Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who produced a surprisingly good measurement using a simple scheme that combined geometrical calculations with physical observations. *Egyptians utilized the Nile River and created a commerce based on ship-based trade (4000 BC). Geography is a chorographic discipline. In 1870, Dr. C. Wyville Thomson suggested that the Royal Society of London ask the British government for the use of one of its ships for an extended . Eratosthenes Contribution to Geography Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer & poet. in Cyrene, a Greek city located in North Africa, in what is now the lands of Libya. Born: c. 276 BCE in Cyrene (present-day Libya) Died: 192 or 196 BCE in Alexandria, Egypt Early Life Eratosthenes was born around 276 BCE in a Greek colony in Cyrene, a territory located in present-day Libya. The psychological effects of incarceration: what goes on in the minds of prisoners? % complete . Using his discoveries and knowledge of its size and shape, he began to sketch it. Geography consisted of eight volumes. Eratosthenes' Geography. Your email address will not be published. Aristarchus was one of the first astronomers to calculate the relative sizes of the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. Eratosthenes proposed a simple algorithm for finding prime numbers. Even though they were worriors, they had a huge impact on Oceanography today. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria. The course consists of an extensive examination of physical and cultural factors that contribute to and produce the variable character of the earth's surface and a discussion of the significance of . He died in 194BC at 82 in Alexandria. Eratosthenes also calculated the Sun's diameter. Accomplishments - Eratosthenes - Weebly (2004/2006). What does chronology mean in geography? - egszz.churchrez.org 22.40, the Sieve of Eratosthenes, so that, if the number the user inputs into the program is not prime, the program displays the prime factors of the number. Ptolemy III was not moved only by his interest in the work of Eratosthenes, but also by political motives. They also expanded the studies in Sophocles. A new play celebrates the 17th-Century Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi, who defied her rape and torture through masterful paintings. References to the works of Eratosthenes are preserved thanks to other authors, since when the library of Alexandria was lost, practically all of his work was lost. Eratosthenes' method of measuring Earth's circumference, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eratosthenes, Famous Scientists - Biography of Eratosthenes, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Biography of Eratosthenes, Eratosthenes - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Eckerman, C. (2011). Arabs were highly influenced by the Greek ideas about the shape and size of the earth. So, he measured the angle of elevation during the same period and at the same time in Alexandria with the help of a gnomon. His measurement of Earths circumference may have varied by 0.5 to 17 percent from the value accepted by modern astronomers, but it was certainly in the right range. Eratosthenes was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earths axis, which he figured with remarkable accuracy; the finding was reported by Ptolemy (85-165 CE). In this work, which for the first time described the geography of the entire inhabited world as it was then known, Eratosthenes of Kyrene (ca. Todays measurement is 40,075 km. The authors' texts have always been recognized for their readability, currency, dynamic art program, delivery of basic principles and instructor flexibility. PDF Oceanography Chapter 1 Oceanography - craftonhills.edu Eratosthenes was afflicted by blindness in his old age, and he is said to have committed suicide by voluntary starvation. The first discussed the problems of representing a spherical earth on a flat sheet . As a young man, Eratosthenes studied in Athens. Eratosthenes: The Measurement of the Earth's Circumference #1 Vasco da Gama linked Europe and Asia through an ocean route for the first time The Age of Discovery was a period of global exploration that started in the early 15th century and was primarily initiated by Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal. The Fourteenth Edition incorporates Within about five years he became Chief Librarian, a position that the poet Apollonius Rhodius had previously held. Isaac, Benjamin. 3. Humboldt and Kant. He was the inventor of Geography and is responsible for calculating the Earths circumference. The word geography comes from a Middle French word that was first used in 1540. He calculated the circumference of the Earth to be about 252,000 stadi which is equal to about 24,662 miles. Eratosthenes was born around 276 B.C., which is now Shahhat, Libya. He is regarded as the first scientific geographer who measured the length of the equator almost accurately (24860 miles) on sound principles with the help of gnomon. He concluded that the circumference of the earth was about 50 times greater than the distance from Alexandria to Aswan. Then he continued: "And do not try to understand the intricate tasks of the Archytas cylinders or the triple cuts of the cone of Menechmus or what the curved figure of the divine Eudoxus describes in its lines, because in these tablets you will easily find thousands of means even starting from poor start . The fact of being incarcerated and deprived of liberty it bring with it important p ychological con equence . At this time Eratosthenes took advantage of his position and the access to the information he had to learn about the most diverse subjects. Eratosthenes was called The Father Of Geography, since he was very knowledgeable about the earth. He is known as the Father of Mathematics. 1. [1] However, his Geography has been lost to history, although fragments of the work can be pieced together from other great historians like Pliny, Polybius, Strabo, and Marcianus. Eratosthenes was a lover of the theater and wrote a series of twelve books which he titled Old Comedy. He made two important contributions, out of which one was later proved wrong, while the other was right, but it was overlooked for a long time. Eratosthenes is named for the ancient Greek who first estimated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC. How Do You Get Rid Of Hiccups In 5 Seconds. He also dedicated to Eratosthenes The method. Phoenicians (from what is now Syria and Lebanon) navigated and traded around Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Africa; 2000BC 2. Corrections? On oceanography he was considered an . He believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe. During the period in which Eratosthenes was in charge of the Library of Alexandria, great advances were made in it. Eratosthenes is most famous for making the first good measurement of the size of Earth. In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes (Greek: ), one of a number of prime number sieves, is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit. In the first, Eratosthenes addressed the previous theories and compiled the existing information in the library. Arab and Muslim Contribution to Geography To begin with, most Muslim geographers such as Al- During his life Eratosthenes was a lover of knowledge in all its areas. We know him best for two important achievements: producing an accurate estimate of how big Earth is; and devising a method to find prime numbers. He used parallels and meridians to link together every place in the world. Thus began the fame of Eratosthenes, since in his new field he achieved the recognition he had desired. As a young man, Eratosthenes studied in Athens. Eratosthenes used longitude in his maps, though the lines were placed irregularly so that they could pass through important landmarks. James Rennell has been dubbed the Father of Indian Geography, as well as the Father of Oceanography for his pioneering work on oceanography. He studied astronomy, geography, and math. Who is the first geographer in the world? He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. His prime number sieve provided a simple way for Greek mathematicians (and frustrated modern students!) Their achievements in climatology, oceanography, geomorphology, linear measurements, determination of cardinal points, limits of habitable world, sprawl of continents and oceans are highly appreciable. The [] Lived c. 276 BC - c. 194 BC. Now part of modern-day Libya, Cyrene had been founded by Greeks centuries earlier and became the capital of Pentapolis (North Africa), a country of five cities: Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemias, and Apollonia. In addition, he calculated approximate distances between them. He is regarded as the first scientific geographer who measured the length of the equator almost accurately (24860 miles) on sound principles with the help of gnomon. However, it was in geography where he proved to be more skillful for he was one of the greatest of all ancient geographers. Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. After these experiences, he became disenchanted with philosophy and decided to dedicate himself to poetry. Atlantic Ocean Ocean exploration is a part of oceanography describing the exploration of ocean surfaces. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He also calculated the tilt axis of the Earth. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude . Was the father of geography? - sdnimik.bluejeanblues.net Cyrene was founded by Greeks from Thera before 600 BC, and it prospered as an independent city until the arrival of the Hellenic era. Eratosthenes - Biography, Facts and Pictures - Famous Scientists With these data (length of the shadow and length of the rod), Eratosthenes calculated the angle of the sun's rays in 1/50 of a circumference. Eratosthenes - GIS Wiki | The GIS Encyclopedia Eratosthenes. He invented a system of latitude and longitude and he also might have calculated the distance from earth to the sun and invented the leap day. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. He accepted the three continents (Europe, Asia, and Libya) and five climatic zones (one torrid zone, two temperate zones, and two frigid zones), [2] The term geography was first coined by Eratosthenese. Etching of an ancient seal identified as Eratosthenes. Woocommerce Customization Tutorial, He lived in Athens until Ptolemy Evergetes, the king of Egypt, commissioned Eratosthenes to run the Library of Alexandria, which became the most important center of knowledge in the region. Under Ptolemaic rule the economy prospered, based largely on the export of horses and silphium, a plant used for rich seasoning and medicine. Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. He was called Pentathlos, a title given to those who were victors in the five tests of the Olympic games, because he dedicated himself to cultivating all areas of knowledge. Your email address will not be published. The famous geographer and chief librarian at Alexandria Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE - 194 BCE) also referenced Pytheas in a treatise that, like On the Ocean, has been lost but that was widely circulated in the ancient world. For his contributions to philosophy, Eratosthenes was called the second Plato. Uci Computer Science And Engineering, a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude.